Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are defined as standardized, validated questionnaires (which are also called instruments) completed by patients to measure their perception of their functional well-being and health status (National Health Service, 2009). Patients rate their health by scoring the severity or difficulty in completing certain tasks or routine activities.
PROM questionnaires are designed to be either generic or condition-specific.
The purpose of generic health status instruments are to measure the well-being of an individual within certain dimensions, generally consisting of measures of physical function, social function, pain, and depression or anxiety (McDowell, 2006). Generic instruments have the advantage of being able to make comparisons between and within interventions.
No single instrument has established itself as the ‘gold’ standard for measuring patient status. Each instrument measures different dimensions of health, uses different levels of scoring and reference different time periods (Fryback, 2010). Some generic health status instruments provide a single value or utility score for a given health state. Other instruments provide an assessment of a given health state on multiple dimensions.
A number of generic instruments have been developed and validated in different populations:
- EQ-5D
- Health Utilities Index
- Quality of Well Being
- Short Form
- PROMIS
Condition-specific measures ask questions that are sensitive to changes in health status that are related to a given disease, disability, or surgery. These instruments have the advantage of being able to detect small changes in health or functional status (McDowell, 2006). Condition-specific measures cannot be used to compare health status across different conditions.
There are many condition-specific instruments that have been validated for common conditions with high disease burdens. The following list of examples was derived from a literature review identifying all validated PROMs developed between 2000 to 2019 (Churruca et al., 2021):
- Musculoskeletal: back pain or problems, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
- Cancer: lung, bowel, breast, prostate, pancreatic, brain, central nervous system.
- Gastrointestinal: chronic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease.
- Neurological: dementia, epilepsy, migraines, Parkinson’s disease, delirium
- Mental health: anxiety, depression, psychological distress, alcohol use disorder
- Cardiovascular: coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation or flutter, non-rheumatic valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertension
- Reproductive and maternal: genital prolapse, polycystic ovarian syndrome, heavy menstrual bleeding
- Hearing and vision: hearing or vision loss, cataracts
- Respiratory: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma
- Endocrine: diabetes
- Injuries and trauma: burns
- Infections: HIV/AIDs
- Kidney and urinary: chronic kidney disease
- Skin: dermatitis, eczema
- Oral: dental caries, severe tooth loss
- Blood and metabolic: iron-deficiency anemia
A number of condition-specific instruments have been developed and validated for different surgical specialties:
- Plastics
- Arm, Shoulder and Hand
- Face
- Breast
- Skin
- Other
- General Surgery
- Colorectal
- Gynecology
- Ear, Nose and Throat
- Urology
- Neurosurgery
Click here to see more examples of generic and condition-specific PROMs.